Hepatic progenitor cell-originated ductular reaction facilitates liver fibrosis through activation of hedgehog signaling.

Background: It is poorly understood what cellular types participate in ductular reaction (DR) and whether DR facilitates recovery from injury or accelerates hepatic fibrosis. The aim of this study is to gain insights into the role of hepatic progenitor cell (HPC)-originated DR during fibrotic progression. Methods: DR in liver specimens of PBC, chronic HBV infection (CHB) or NAFLD, and four rodent fibrotic models by different pathogenic processes was evaluated. Gli1 expression was inhibited in rodent models or cell culture and organoid models by AAV-shGli1 or treating with GANT61. Results: Severity of liver fibrosis was positively correlated with DR extent in patients with PBC, CHB or NAFLD. HPCs were activated, expanded, differentiated into reactive cholangiocytes and constituted "HPC-originated DR", accompanying with exacerbated fibrosis in rodent models of HPC activation & proliferation (CCl4/2-AAF-treated), Μdr2-/- spontaneous PSC, BDL-cholestatic fibrosis or WD-fed/CCl4-treated NASH-fibrosis. Gli1 expression was significantly increased in enriched pathways in vivo and in vitro. Enhanced Gli1 expression was identified in KRT19+-reactive cholangiocytes. Suppressing Gli1 expression by administration of AAV-shGli1 or GANT61 ameliorated HPC-originated DR and fibrotic extent. KRT19 expression was reduced after GANT61 treatment in sodium butyrate-stimulated WB-F344 cells or organoids or in cells transduced with Gli1 knockdown lentiviral vectors. In contrast, KRT19 expression was elevated after transducing Gli1 overexpression lentiviral vectors in these cells. Conclusions: During various modes of chronic injury, Gli1 acted as an important mediator of HPC activation, expansion, differentiation into reactive cholangiocytes that formed DR, and subsequently provoked hepatic fibrogenesis.

Distributed Cubature Information Filtering Method for State Estimation in Bearing-Only Sensor Network.

The problem of state estimation based on bearing-only sensors is increasingly important while existing research on distributed filtering solutions is rather limited. Therefore, this paper proposed the novel distributed cubature information filtering (DCIF) method for addressing the state estimation challenge in bearing-only sensor networks. Firstly, the system model of the bearing-only sensor network was constructed, and the observability of the system was analyzed. The sensor nodes are paired to measure relative angle information. Subsequently, the coordinated consistency theory is employed to achieve a unified state estimation of the maneuvering target. The DCIF method enhances the observability of the system, addressing the issues of large accuracy errors and divergence in traditional nonlinear filtering algorithms. Building upon the theoretical proof of consistency convergence in DCIF, four simulation experiments were conducted for comparison. These experiments validate the effectiveness and superiority of the DCIF method in bearing-only sensor networks.

Corrigendum: Review of novel functions and implications of circular RNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1093063.].

Corrigendum: Programmed cell death and lipid metabolism of macrophages in NAFLD.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1118449.].

Review of novel functions and implications of circular RNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most frequent malignancies, with high incidence and mortality. As the majority of HCC patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage and die of recurrence and metastasis, its pathology and new biomarkers are needed. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a large subclass of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) with covalently closed loop structures and abundant, conserved, stable, tissue-specific expression in mammalian cells. CircRNAs exert multiple functions in HCC initiation, growth and progression, serving as promising biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic targets for this disease. This review briefly describes the biogenesis and biological functions of circRNAs and elucidates the roles of circRNAs in the development and progression of HCC, especially regarding epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), drug resistance and interactions with epigenetic modifications. In addition, this review highlights the implications of circRNAs as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for HCC. We hope to provide novel insight into the roles of circRNAs in HCC.

Programmed cell death and lipid metabolism of macrophages in NAFLD.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has now become the leading chronic liver disease worldwide with lifestyle changes. This may lead to NAFLD becoming the leading cause of end-stage liver disease in the future. To date, there are still no effective therapeutic drugs for NAFLD. An in-depth exploration of the pathogenesis of NAFLD can help to provide a basis for new therapeutic agents or strategies. As the most important immune cells of the liver, macrophages play an important role in the occurrence and development of liver inflammation and are expected to become effective targets for NAFLD treatment. Programmed cell death (PCD) of macrophages plays a regulatory role in phenotypic transformation, and there is also a certain connection between different types of PCD. However, how PCD regulates macrophage polarization has still not been systematically elucidated. Based on the role of lipid metabolic reprogramming in macrophage polarization, PCD may alter the phenotype by regulating lipid metabolism. We reviewed the effects of macrophages on inflammation in NAFLD and changes in their lipid metabolism, as well as the relationship between different types of PCD and lipid metabolism in macrophages. Furthermore, interactions between different types of PCD and potential therapeutic agents targeting of macrophages PCD are also explored.

PDGF-BB is involved in HIF-1α/CXCR4/CXCR7 axis promoting capillarization of hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells.

Background: The activation of HIF-1α/CXCR4 pathway in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) could downregulate CXCR7, leading to the capillarization of LSECs to promote hepatic fibrosis. However, the mechanism between CXCR4 and CXCR7 is still undefined. The aim is to investigate the role of PDGF-BB in the dedifferentiation of LSECs and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) activation. Methods: The activation of HIF-1α/CXCR4 pathway in two kinds of liver fibrosis models were observed. The effects of HIF-1α, CXCR4, PDGF-BB on the dedifferentiation of LSECs were investigated by using the inhibitors of HIF-1α, CXCR4 or PDGFR-ß separately or transfecting with a CXCR4 knockdown lentiviral vector. In addition, the relationship between LSECs and HSCs was demonstrated by co-culture of LSECs and HSCs using the transwell chamber. Results: CXCR4 upregulation and CXCR7 downregulation were accompanied by LSECs capillarization and HSCs activation both in CCl4-induced and BDL-induced fibrotic liver. In vitro, downregulation of HIF-1α significantly descreased CXCR4 and CD31 expression, and enhanced the expressions of CXCR7, CD44 and LYVE1. Downregulation of CXCR4 in LSECs significantly downregulated PDGF-BB, PDGFR-ß and CD31, and enhanced CXCR7, CD44 and LYVE1 expression, while the expression of HIF-1α did not change significantly. STI571, a PDGF receptor inhibitor, could significantly downregulate PDGFR-ß and increase the expression of CXCR7 to inhibit the dedifferentiation of LSECs. In addition, alleviateion the dedifferentiation of LSECs could decrease the expression of PDGFR-ß of HSCs, then inhibiting the activation of HSCs. Conclusions: This study revealed that HIF-1α/CXCR4/PDGF-BB/CXCR7 axis promoted the dedifferentiation of LSECs, consequently triggering HSCs activation and liver fibrosis.

Amygdalin Ameliorates Liver Fibrosis through Inhibiting Activation of TGF-ß/Smad Signaling.

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of amygdalin on liver fibrosis in a liver fibrosis mouse model, and the underlying mechanisms were partly dissected in vivo and in vitro. METHODS: Thirty-two male mice were randomly divided into 4 groups, including control, model, low- and high-dose amygdalin-treated groups, 8 mice in each group. Except the control group, mice in the other groups were injected intraperitoneally with 10% carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-olive oil solution 3 times a week for 6 weeks to induce liver fibrosis. At the first 3 weeks, amygdalin (1.35 and 2.7 mg/kg body weight) were administered by gavage once a day. Mice in the control group received equal quantities of subcutaneous olive oil and intragastric water from the fourth week. At the end of 6 weeks, liver tissue samples were harvested to detect the content of hydroxyproline (Hyp). Hematoxylin and eosin and Sirius red staining were used to observe the inflammation and fibrosis of liver tissue. The expressions of collagen I (Col-I), alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), CD31 and transforming growth factor ß (TGF-ß)/Smad signaling pathway were observed by immunohistochemistry, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot, respectively. The activation models of hepatic stellate cells, JS-1 and LX-2 cells induced by TGF-ß1 were used in vitro with or without different concentrations of amygdalin (0.1, 1, 10 µmol/L). LSECs. The effect of different concentrations of amygdalin on the expressions of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) dedifferentiation markers CD31 and CD44 were observed. RESULTS: High-dose of amygdalin significantly reduced the Hyp content and percentage of collagen positive area, and decreased the mRNA and protein expressions of Col-I, α-SMA, CD31 and p-Smad2/3 in liver tissues of mice compared to the model group (P<0.01). Amygdalin down-regulated the expressions of Col-I and α-SMA in JS-1 and LX-2 cells, and TGFß R1, TGFß R2 and p-Smad2/3 in LX-2 cells compared to the model group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Moreover, 1 and 10 µmol/L amygdalin inhibited the mRNA and protein expressions of CD31 in LSECs and increased CD44 expression compared to the model group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Amygdalin can dramatically alleviate liver fibrosis induced by CCl4 in mice and inhibit TGF-ß/Smad signaling pathway, consequently suppressing HSCs activation and LSECs dedifferentiation to improve angiogenesis.

Does antibiotic therapy for chronic endometritis improve clinical outcomes of patients with recurrent implantation failure in subsequent IVF cycles? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: This study aims to assess whether antibiotic therapy for chronic endometritis (CE) could improve subsequent IVF outcomes in patients with recurrent implantation failure (RIF). METHODS: Studies that explore CE treatment in patients with RIF were retrieved from PubMed, EMBASE, Wanfang, and Google Scholar up to Jan 31, 2022. All retrieved studies were selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The main outcome measures include implantation rate (IR), clinical pregnancy rate (CPR), ongoing pregnancy rate/live birth rate (OPR/LBR), and miscarriage rate (MR). Odds ratios (ORs) were analyzed for pregnancy outcomes with a 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: Nine articles were enrolled in this study. Patients receiving oral antibiotic administration (OAA) did not show any advantage over patients without CE with regard to IR, OPR/LBR, and MR, but they showed a higher CPR. Patients with cured CE after OAA therapy had significantly higher CPR, IR, and OPR/LBR compared with patients without CE. Patients with persistent CE after OAA therapy had significantly lower IR, CPR, and OPR/LBR compared with patients without CE. Patients with cured CE had significantly higher IR, CPR, and OPR/LBR compared with persistent CE patients. CONCLUSIONS: Antibiotic treatment may improve the pregnancy outcomes of RIF patients in subsequent IVF cycles only if the condition of CE is confirmed cured in a control biopsy afterwards. Otherwise, no sufficient evidence has shown improvements in clinical outcomes in RIF patients with persistent CE.

The Novel Chinese Medicine JY5 Formula Alleviates Hepatic Fibrosis by Inhibiting the Notch Signaling Pathway.

Advanced liver fibrosis can lead to cirrhosis, resulting in an accelerated risk of hepatocellular carcinoma and liver failure. Fuzheng Huayu formula (FZHY) is a traditional Chinese medicine formula treated liver fibrosis in China approved by a Chinese State Food and Drug Administration (NO: Z20050546), composed of Salvia Miltiorrhiza bge., Prunus davidiana (Carr.) Franch., cultured Cordyceps sinensis (BerK.) Sacc. Mycelia, Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill., Pinus massoniana Lamb., and Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino. However, the main active substances and mechanism of FZHY are unclear. The aim of this study is to identify a novel anti-fibrotic compound, which consists of the main active ingredients of FZHY, and investigate its mechanism of pharmacological action. The main active ingredients of FZHY were investigated by quantitative analysis of FZHY extracts and FZHY-treated plasma and liver in rats. The anti-fibrotic composition of the main active ingredients was studied through uniform design in vivo, and its mechanism was evaluated in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)- and bile duct ligation (BDL)-induced liver fibrosis models in rats and mice, and transforming growth factor beta 1-induced LX-2 cell activation model in vitro. A novel Chinese medicine, namely JY5 formula, consisting of salvianolic acid B, schisantherin A, and amygdalin, the main active ingredients of FZHY, significantly alleviated hepatic hydroxyproline content and collagen deposition in CCl4-and BDL-induced fibrotic liver in rats and mice. In addition, JY5 inhibited the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) by inactivating Notch signaling in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we found a novel JY5 formula, which exerted anti-hepatic fibrotic effects by inhibiting the Notch signaling pathway, consequently suppressing HSCs activation. These results provide an adequate scientific basis for clinical research and application of the JY5 formula, which may be a potential novel therapeutic candidate for liver fibrosis.

Crosstalk between hepatic stellate cells and surrounding cells in hepatic fibrosis.

Hepatic fibrosis represents as a dynamic pathological process characterized by the net accumulation of extracellular matrix in the progression of various chronic liver diseases, including viral hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, and metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). Activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) is well-defined to play a central role in the initiation and progression of hepatic fibrosis. However, the activation of HSCs is affected by the complicated microenvironments in liver, which largely attributes to the communication between hepatocytes and multiple tissue-resident cells, including sinusoidal endothelial cells, bile duct epithelial cells, platelets, T cells, B cells, macrophages, natural killer cells, neutrophils, dendritic cells, in the direct or indirect mechanisms. Cellular crosstalk between HSCs and surrounding cells contributes to the activation of HSCs and the progression of hepatic fibrosis. Currently, accumulating evidence have proven the complexity and plasticity of HSCs activation, and further clarification of cellular communication between HSCs and surrounding cells will provide sufficient clue to the development of novel diagnostic methods and therapeutic strategies for hepatic fibrosis.

Pharmacological Effects of Salvianolic Acid B Against Oxidative Damage.

Salvianolic acid B (Sal B) is one of the main active ingredients of Salvia miltiorrhiza, with strong antioxidant effects. Recent findings have shown that Sal B has anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-fibrotic effects and can promote stem cell proliferation and differentiation, and has a beneficial effect on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, aging, and liver fibrosis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) include oxygen free radicals and oxygen-containing non-free radicals. ROS can regulate cell proliferation, survival, death and differentiation to regulate inflammation, and immunity, while Sal B can scavenge oxygen free radicals by providing hydrogen atoms and reduce the production of oxygen free radicals and oxygen-containing non-radicals by regulating the expression of antioxidant enzymes. The many pharmacological effects of Sal B may be closely related to its elimination and inhibition of ROS generation, and Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2/Kelch-like ECH-related protein 1 may be the core link in its regulation of the expression of antioxidant enzyme to exert its antioxidant effect. What is confusing and interesting is that Sal B exhibits the opposite mechanisms in tumors. To clarify the specific target of Sal B and the correlation between its regulation of oxidative stress and energy metabolism homeostasis will help to further understand its role in different pathological conditions, and provide a scientific basis for its further clinical application and new drug development. Although Sal B has broad prospects in clinical application due to its extensive pharmacological effects, the low bioavailability is a serious obstacle to further improving its efficacy in vivo and promoting clinical application. Therefore, how to improve the availability of Sal B in vivo requires the joint efforts of many interdisciplinary subjects.

Hepatoprotective effect of Xiayuxue decoction ethyl acetate fraction against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis in mice via inducing apoptosis and suppressing activation of hepatic stellate cells.

CONTEXT: Xiayuxue decoction (XYXD), a traditional Chinese medicine, is used for treating liver disease. However, the potential active constituents and mechanisms are still unclear. OBJECTIVE: To explore the main active fraction extracts, active ingredients and possible mechanisms of XYXD for anti-hepatic fibrosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Different fractions including ethyl acetate fraction (EF) were prepared from XYXD. These fractions, especially EF, were used to evaluate cell viability, proliferation, cell cycle, cytotoxicity and activation in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Liver fibrosis model was established by CCl4 in C57BL/6 mice, and allocated to CCl4 group, XYXD group and EF group with normal mice as control. Further, mitochondrial apoptosis-related proteins of HSCs, destruction and angiogenesis of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) and active ingredients of EF were evaluated. RESULTS: The inhibition of proliferation, increase of S or/and G2/M phase population and suppression of α-SMA and COL-1 expression were obeserved in EF treated-JS1 and -LX2. Liver fibrosis-related indicators were improved by EF similar to XYXD in vivo. EF induced the apoptosis of HSCs in CCl4-induced fibrosis, and inhibited the expression of HSCs apoptosis pathway-related proteins (JNK and p38-MAPKs), and LSECs destruction and angiogenesis. Multiple ingredients (emodin, rhein, aloe-emodin, prunasin) in EF have shown inhibited the activation of JS1. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: EF was the main active fraction extracts of XYXD, and the underlying mechanisms might relate to induction of HSCs apoptosis. Emodin, rhein, aloe-emodin and prunasin were main active ingredients of EF, which provides a potential drug for the treatment of liver fibrosis.

Clinical Significance of the Interleukin 24 mRNA Level in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Its Subgroups: An In Silico Investigation.

IL24 mRNA is known to have an apoptotic effect on cancer cells but not on noncancer cells. However, the expression level of the IL24 mRNA in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and its subgroups is rarely studied. In this study, the clinical implication of IL24 mRNA was evaluated in the common subgroups of HNSCC, including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), and laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) for analysis. Substantial IL24 mRNA expression data were calculated from several databases, such as the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), ArrayExpress, Sequence Read Archive (SRA), ONCOMINE, and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databases. We ultimately collected a total of 41 microarrays and RNA-seq including 1,564 HNSCC and 603 noncancer tissue samples. IL24 mRNA was highly expressed in OSCC, LSCC, and NPC as shown by the separated standard mean difference (SMD), as well as HNSCC as a whole part (SMD = 1.47, 95% confdence interval (CI) = 1.24-1.70, P < 0.0001). In all subgroups, the IL24 mRNA upregulation had the ability to distinguish cancer from noncancer tissue with area under the curves (AUCs) of the summary receiver operating characteristic (sROC) higher than 0.85. In conclusion, IL24 mRNA may be used as a potential marker for cancer screening, and its clinical diagnostic value needs to be further studied. It also provides a new idea for the treatment of the IL24 gene in HNSCC and its subgroups in the future.

Immunohistochemical basigin expression level in thyroid cancer tissues.

BACKGROUND: Thyroid cancer (TC) is the most common endocrine malignancy; basigin (also known as BSG) plays a crucial role in tumor cell invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis. This study was designed to identify the change of BSG expression in TC and its possible potential mechanism. METHODS: The BSG expression levels in TC were demonstrated using data collected from in-house immunohistochemical (IHC), RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq), microarrays, and literatures. Integrated analysis was performed to determined BSG expression levels in TC comprehensively. The Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were performed with the integration of BSG co-expressed genes and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in TC tissues to explore the potential mechanisms of BSG in TC. RESULTS: The protein expression level of BSG was significantly higher in TC cases based on the IHC experiments. In addition, the combined SMD for BSG expression was 0.39 (p < 0.0001), the diagnostic odds ratio was 3.69, and the AUC of the sROC curve was 0.6986 using 1182 TC cases and 437 non-cancerous cases from 17 independent datasets. Furthermore, BSG co-expressed genes tended to be enriched in gene terms of the extracellular matrix (ECM), cell adhesion, and cell-cell interactions. The expression levels of nine hub BSG co-expressed genes were markedly upregulated in TC cases. CONCLUSION: BSG expression levels were closely correlated with the progression of TC and may affect the signals of the ECM, cell adhesion, and cell-cell interactions.

The clinical significance of interleukin 24 and its potential molecular mechanism in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma.

Interleukin 24 (IL24) has been documented to be highly expressed in several cancers, but its role in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) remains unclarified. In this study, to reveal the function and its clinical significance of IL24 in LSCC, multiple detecting methods were used comprehensively. IL24 protein expression was remarkably higher in LSCC (n= 49) than non-cancerous laryngeal controls (n= 26) as detected by in-house immunohistochemistry. Meanwhile, the IL24 mRNA expression was also evaluated based on high throughput data from Gene Expression Omnibus, The Cancer Genome Atlas, ArrayExpress and Oncomine databases. Consistently with the protein level, IL24 mRNA expression level was also predominantly upregulated in LSCC (n= 172) compared to non-cancerous laryngeal tissues (n= 81) with the standard mean difference (SMD) being 1.25 and the area under the curve (AUC) of the summary receiver operating characteristic (sROC) being 0.89 (95% CI = 0.86-0.92). Furthermore, the related genes of IL24 and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of LSCC were intersected and sent for Gene ontology (GO) enrichment, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway, and the protein-protein interaction (PPI) analyses. In the GO annotation, the top terms of biological process (BP), cellular component (CC) and molecular function (MF) were extracellular matrix organization, extracellular matrix, cytokine activity, respectively. The top pathway of KEGG was ECM-receptor interaction. The PPI networks indicated the top hub genes of IL24-related genes in LSCC were SERPINE1, TGFB1, MMP1, MMP3, CSF2, and ITGA5. In conclusion, upregulating expression of IL24 may enhance the occurrence of LSCC, which owns prospect diagnostic ability and therapeutic significance in LSCC.

Serum metabolite profiles are associated with the presence of advanced liver fibrosis in Chinese patients with chronic hepatitis B viral infection.

BACKGROUND: Accurate and noninvasive diagnosis and staging of liver fibrosis are essential for effective clinical management of chronic liver disease (CLD). We aimed to identify serum metabolite markers that reliably predict the stage of fibrosis in CLD patients. METHODS: We quantitatively profiled serum metabolites of participants in 2 independent cohorts. Based on the metabolomics data from cohort 1 (504 HBV associated liver fibrosis patients and 502 normal controls, NC), we selected a panel of 4 predictive metabolite markers. Consequently, we constructed 3 machine learning models with the 4 metabolite markers using random forest (RF), to differentiate CLD patients from normal controls (NC), to differentiate cirrhosis patients from fibrosis patients, and to differentiate advanced fibrosis from early fibrosis, respectively. RESULTS: The panel of 4 metabolite markers consisted of taurocholate, tyrosine, valine, and linoelaidic acid. The RF models of the metabolite panel demonstrated the strongest stratification ability in cohort 1 to diagnose CLD patients from NC (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) = 0.997 and the precision-recall curve (AUPR) = 0.994), to differentiate fibrosis from cirrhosis (0.941, 0.870), and to stage liver fibrosis (0.918, 0.892). The diagnostic accuracy of the models was further validated in an independent cohort 2 consisting of 300 CLD patients with chronic HBV infection and 90 NC. The AUCs of the models were consistently higher than APRI, FIB-4, and AST/ALT ratio, with both greater sensitivity and specificity. CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed that this 4-metabolite panel has potential usefulness in clinical assessments of CLD progression in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection.

Identification of an Immune Score-Based Gene Panel with Prognostic Power for Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

BACKGROUND Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the sixth most prevalent cancer worldwide, with low 5-year survival rate. To identify novel prognostic markers for OSCC and determine the immune and stromal landscape of OSCC, a risk signature for OSCC patients was constructed in this study. MATERIAL AND METHODS Immune and stromal scores for OSCC samples from the Genomic Data Commons Data Portal were computed to delineate the tumor microenvironment landscape of oral cancer based on the Estimation of STromal and Immune cells in MAlignant Tumours using Expression data algorithm. An immune score-based risk signature was constructed by combining random forest and support vector machine methods. Correlation analysis of risk signature gene expression and immune cell infiltration was conducted, and the distinguishing power of individual signature genes was evaluated by analyzing receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves. Differentially enriched pathways between high and low risk groups were investigated via gene set variation analysis. ROC curves were plotted for signature genes to examine their ability to distinguish the recurrence and survival status of OSCC patients from GSE84846. RESULTS An immune score-related risk signature composed of ARMH1, F2RL2, AC004687.1, COL6A5, AC008750.1, RAB19, CRLF2, GRIP2, and FAM162B performed well in the prognostic stratification of OSCC patients and could effectively distinguish their survival status. Lists of pathways, including cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction and cell adhesion molecules displayed remarkable differential enrichment between high and low risk OSCC patients. CONCLUSIONS An immune score-based risk signature constructed presently may be useful to decide appropriate treatment options for individual OSCC patients.

Clinicopathological value and underlying molecular mechanism of annexin A2 in 992 cases of thyroid carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Thyroid carcinoma (THCA) is one of the most frequent endocrine cancers and has increasing morbidity. Annexin A2 (ANXA2) has been found to be highly expressed in various cancers; however, its expression level and potential mechanism in THCA remain unknown. This study investigated the clinicopathological value and primary molecular machinery of ANXA2 in THCA. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Public RNA-sequencing and microarray data were obtained and analyzed with ANXA2 expression in THCA and corresponding non-cancerous thyroid tissue. A Pearson correlation coefficient calculation was used for the acquisition of ANXA2 coexpressed genes, while edgR, limma, and Robust Rank Aggregation were employed for differentially expressed gene (DEG) in THCA. The probable mechanism of ANXA2 in THCA was predicted by gene ontology and pathway enrichment. A dual-luciferase reporter assay was employed to confirm the targeting relationships between ANXA2 and its predicted microRNA (miRNA). RESULTS: Expression of ANXA2 was significantly upregulated in THCA tissues with a summarized standardized mean difference of 1.09 (P < 0.0001) based on 992 THCA cases and 589 cases of normal thyroid tissue. Expression of ANXA2 was related to pathologic stage. Subsequently, 1442 genes were obtained when overlapping 4542 ANXA2 coexpressed genes with 2248 DEGs in THCA; these genes were mostly enriched in pathways of extracellular matrix-receptor interaction, cell adhesion molecules, and complement and coagulation cascades. MiR-23b-3p was confirmed to target ANXA2 by dual-luciferase reporter assay. CONCLUSIONS: Upregulated expression of ANXA2 may promote the malignant biological behavior of THCA by affecting the involving pathways or being targeted by miR-23b-3p.

microRNA-599 promotes apoptosis and represses proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of papillary thyroid carcinoma cells via downregulation of Hey2-depentent Notch signaling pathway.

Although papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) has a favorable prognosis after surgical or medical treatment, its survival rate is still very low. Therefore, finding more reliable therapy methods to limit PTC is a necessity. Compelling evidence has implicated the role of microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) in PTC. This study aims at investigating the possible effect of microRNA-599 (miR-599) on proliferation, apoptosis, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of PTC cells by targeting Hey2 gene. Differentially expressed genes/miRNAs associated with PTC were screened based on microarray analysis. Then, the expression of the candidate gene, as well as, the regulatory miRNA were detected in PTC cells, the related signaling pathway was verified. Afterward, the relationship between the miR and the candidate gene was verified by dual-luciferase reporter gene assay. Subsequently, the effects of overexpressed miR and silenced candidate gene on cell proliferation, cell apoptosis, EMT, migration, and invasion were detected. In PTC tissues and cells, miR-599 was downregulated while Hey2 expressed highly. Hey2 is a target gene of miR-559. In addition, the expression of Bax and E-cadherin was elevated while that of Hey2, Notch1, Delta-like1, Hes1, N1ICD, Jagged1, Snail, Slug, N-cadherin and Vimentin, and Bcl-2 was reduced in cells treated with upregulated miR-599 or downregulated Hey2. Moreover, miR-599 overexpression or Hey2 silencing inhibited cell proliferation, migration, invasion, along with EMT but promoted apoptosis. This study verified that miR-599 promotes apoptosis and represses proliferation, EMT of PTC cells through inactivating the Notch signaling pathway by downregulating Hey2, which has great clinical significance for PTC treatment.